Negotiation Between Countries

I want to do that from three different fronts, namely; Cultural differences in communication The patterns of communication between the countries are different even though tooth countries communicates basically in English language as an accepted language of communication. Communication in this sense can be verbal or non-verbal. Non- verbal also Includes written communications. Nigeria has over 400 languages but English language Is the accepted lingua franca. The united States has other native languages but English Is still the accepted language of communication.Though I will communicate in English with my American business partners but I must also understand that the way the Americans write and pronounce some words is different from the way we write and pronounce our words in English language. The American counterparts for instance will write the word â€Å"favor as favor† but I will write the word â€Å"favor as favor† because Nigeria was colonized by the British, so we take our language after the British pattern of writing and communicating.Nigerian are exclusion minded in communication; we will tend to see how the conversation does not align with what we already know and would usually want the American counterpart to align with our own position of knowledge. The American partner will rather communicate based on an Inclusive mindedness; they will rather want to know how what I am saying makes sense. American look for the sense In the conversation, does the numbers tally, are the figures correct, so they have a broader view to the conversation.Also Most Nigerian communication style follow after the collectivists' culture; (Grove & Hallowed; 1994) â€Å"Collectivists convey negative feedback indirectly via an intermediary or by quiet withdrawal of a perquisite. Sometimes they omit saying anything that's negative. If you are managing employees in (or from) a collectivist culture, you might not find out what's going wrong in your operation until the proverbial eleventh hour; there's deep reluctance to upset group harmony by ailing you the bad news†.This means we would rather not say â€Å"no† to you openly even though we disagree, but we will rather let the conversation go on peaceably until we have another time to object to most of the Initial points of our conversation. My American partner would rather tell It the way It Is If It doesn't go down with them. (Grove & Hallowed; 1994) They pattern after the Individualist culture In conversations. Generally speaking, American culture communication style are usually Comfort talks, they are emotionally objective and practical in approach, their interactions are usually very direct and open.They don't hide any cards off the table, they play all the cards on the table. But when it comes to reactions, they react to issues analytically and they remain persistent in their analysis until otherwise convinced. These are the factors that influences how Americans communicate. Cu ltural differences in negotiation and conflict-resolution Let's think of a scenario of negotiation with our U. S. Partner for a presentation from an IT company overseas. The American makes his presentation very apt and technically done by expressing his overwhelming objective points and reasons why the product is best for my company in Nigeria. Well, we would say â€Å"the presentation is brilliant but I still do not trust this guy. He thinks objectively while I think subjectively, so our negotiations can either stall or proceed based on how we handle this cultural differences between our cultures. (Mimicked, 2010) To most Americans, difference is a threat, they will naturally tend to overlook similarities and take note of the difference when they first begin the negotiations. We Nigerian are looking for similarity with what we already know and experience, similarity makes us comfortable in the negotiation.During negotiations with Americans, you must understand that they hate silen ce, and they would often interrupt you at intervals during negotiations, while that is rude in my country, to interrupt someone while he is still talking, the Americans have that as a normal way of life. Cultural differences in problem-solving and decision-making In terms of problem solving, the American approaches it from a highly objective point of view, they would naturally first carry out a critical analysis of the problem and then cake decisions based on the facts on ground.While we Nigerian usually make decisions based on sentiments sometimes, we decide to enter a business agreement when we feel intuitively inclined to do so, there is mostly no objective reason except we feel convinced inside that this is a good buy so we make the money decision. I would first seek an understanding of the cultural differences that have been highlighted earlier. After which I will approach the negotiation objectively, knowing that is how my American partner thinks.I will also approach most of o ur negotiation room an individualist point of view while also letting my American friend understand the collectivist point of view. My approach would be to achieve a win-win situation. In my country I can afford to have a win-lose situation during negotiations but I understand that the American is highly objective and would not go by my sweet talks or by my expressing an overwhelming emotional conviction about the business I am trying to sell to him. So my thought pattern will naturally change from when negotiating with my fellow country man.The factors of negotiation and business allegations to consider in this case would be; Listening skills- I will need to be more active in listening so that I get the objective point the American is making rather than rely on my emotions to guide my decision making in the negotiation. People skills – I need to feel comfortable with our differences and not look hard for similarities between us before I connect with the American counterpart. BATAAN – I must establish what the Best Alternative To Negotiated Agreement is. This is vital to my than what I may have done otherwise. The BATAAN is what I can or might do if an agreement cannot be reached.This is my final position in case an agreement is difficult to reach. Have a Plan – I would consider having a plan ahead of the negotiation. My plan would likely include the following: (Yachted, D; ND) Trying to establish the negotiating style of the other party. This helps me think through how best to communicate and go through the process of negotiation and making educated guesses as I go along. What are my interests? This is gives me a perfect reason to answer the question of why? Before the negotiation. What is my real interest? What are the interests of the American Partner?I must understand where y American partner is coming from what are the shared interests we have and what are the opposing interests. Opposing interests is what I must negotiate. What do I have that I can trade that is of lesser value to me and of higher value to the American Partner? This helps me consider the options in the give and take phase of the negotiation. I must know beforehand what I can trade off at any time during the negotiation that is of a lesser value to me and of a higher value to my partner. What are three options I can implement to move the negotiation from compromising to joint problem solving?

Minute Clinic Essay

1) There are four promotion strategies for the intangible services. The first one is stressing tangible cues. A tangible cue is a concrete symbol of the service offering. The facilities that customers visit or from which services are delivered, are a critical tangible part of the total service offering. Minute Clinic healthcare centers are open seven days a week with later hours than traditional doctors have. They don’t require appointments and can provide patients with a diagnosis and prescription within 15-45 minutes; in this way the long waits are avoided. They are located in convenient retail settings. The second promotion strategy is the use of personal information sources. A personal information source is someone consumers are familiar with or someone they admire or can relate to personally. Minute Clinic is an innovator in the â€Å"retailization of healthcare†. The company is expanding very quickly as there’s a need for cheaper and more accessible healthcare. In addition more than 80% of the patients are satisfied with the convenience of the retail clinic, and with the quality and the cost of services. The third promotion strategy is the creation of a strong organizational image. One way to implement it is to manage the evidence, including the physical environment of the service facility, the appearance of the service employees, and the tangible items associated with a service. MinuteClinic is staffed by nurse practitioners and physician assistants who specialize in family healthcare. It offers cheap and accessible healthcare. It provides basic medical services for common ailments, offers vaccines, physicals and electronic records. The last promotion strategy is the engagement in post purchase communication. It refers to the follow-up activities that a service might engage in after a customer transaction. For example in 2006 the Harris Interactive poll was held and in the end the response to the clinics has been positive. 2) Customized services are more flexible, respond to individual customers’ needs and usually command a higher price. The standardized services are more efficient and cost less. The mass customization instead uses technology to deliver customized services on a mass basis, which results in giving each customer whatever she or he asks for. MinuteClinic‘s services are standardized as they are efficient and cost less. Nevertheless they do incorporate elements of mass customization as they use the electronic medical records system for the needs of each single patient and on a mass basis. 3) Customers evaluate service quality by five components: reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy and tangibles. MinuteClinic demonstrated reliability and responsiveness during the flu outbreak in Minnesota by implementing a hub-and-spoke approach for better inventory control, offering the shots in only eight MinuteClinic locations. They hired supplemental nursing staff and administered up to 300 shots a day each. MinuteClinic performed the service dependably, accurately, consistently and promptly. During the flu outbreak the lines became very long so MinuteClinic created children’s areas, added televisions, videos and coloring books to keep kids entertained and make the wait easier for families. This was the technique MinuteClinic used to impress customers with tangible physical evidence that the clinics care about them. 4) Place (Distribution) strategies for service organizations must focus on such issues as convenience, number of outlets, direct versus indirect distribution, location and scheduling. Thanks to this strategy the company was successful among patients and expanded quickly. With its marketing mix MinuteClinic focuses on place, pricing and distribution. The fact that the clinic is located in convenient retail settings adds to its growing appeal. As the prices are affordable, the distribution is direct and fast the company expands very quickly.

Building A Fence Around August English Literature Essay

Building A Fence Around August English Literature Essay Family life of the 1950’s was different from any other time in America’s history. Many soldiers returned home from war and married young, in hopes to create simpler lives for their families. For so many, this was the white American Dream. For African Americans, this dream was much harder to attain. For Troy Maxson, the tragic hero in August Wilson’s Fences, this was no exception. In her essay, â€Å"Baseball as History and Myth in August Wilson’s Fences† Susan Koprince notes that for Troy, â€Å"the American dreamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦turned into a prolonged nightmare† (1104). Racism, segregation, and poverty ran amuck and many blacks found it difficult to find success in this white man’s world. However, at the heart of all of Wilson’s classic and timeless works, are what he refers to as â€Å"the Big Themes†, â€Å"love, honor, duty, [and] betrayal† (Miles, 1096). These universal themes are integral and allow readers to understand the plight that black families in the fifties had to endure, in order to get by. Troy Maxson, above all else, takes to heart his duties as a sole provider for his family. However, Troy often finds himself torn between a desire for more personal liberties in his own life and a sense of commitment to care for his family. These duties to his family are not without fault. Although Troy is a wonderful financial provider for the family, he still feels he does not need to show affection to any of his children. This rings particularly true for his youngest son, Cory. While they work to erect a fence around their yard, Cory asks his father, â€Å"‘How come you ain’t never liked me?'† Troy, furious at this inquiry, tells Cory, â€Å"‘it’s my duty to take care of you. I owe a responsibility to youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Not cause I like you! Cause you my son'† (Wilson, 1049-50). As breadwinner for the family, Troy necessitates himself to deliver food and shelter, but he makes it clear to Cory, as sole provider, that is all he is required to give. Furthermore, Troy’s remarks show readers just how defeated he is of the never-ending task of caring for his family. Troy, however, is not the only member of the household that has an obligation to the family. After Troy confesses to Rose about his affair and the child that Alberta is carrying, Rose chides, â€Å"‘I gave everything I had to try and erase the doubt that you wasn’t the finest man in the world†¦Cause you was my husband'† (1067). These remarks allow readers to grasp the role Rose undertakes as Troy’s loving and faithful wife. Harry J. Elam Jr. notes in his essay, â€Å"August Wilson† that, â€Å"Troy’s adulteryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ propels Rose, to reassess her situation, to gain a greater self-awareness, to change (1102). Rose is a powerful representative of steadfast loyalty; she remains committed to Troy and her duties to hi m, despite his unfaithfulness to her. Even as she undertakes the role of caring for Troy’s lovechild, Rose evokes a powerful sense of sympathy from readers. Despite the infidelity, Rose decides to stay with Troy for the sake of the family. This act additionally solidifies her duty as a wife and mother. In the argument with Rose, following his confession, Troy exclaims that he has spent his whole life trying to live a â€Å"‘decent†¦cleanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦hardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦useful life'† (Wilson, 1066). This remark illustrates how Troy has always been the provider of the home they shared for many years, even though the affair may have only recently started. It appears to readers that through this comment, Troy justifies his own reasons for the infidelity. In his essay â€Å"Fiery Fences,† Clive Barnes remarks how Troy eventually â€Å"sees himself as a man fenced in with responsibilities† (1085). Ironically, the fence Troy erects around his home, i mprisons him from achieving the independence he so desperately craves.

Managers and Work Relationships - Incident Analysis, Diagnosis and Essay

Managers and Work Relationships - Incident Analysis, Diagnosis and Action Plan - Essay Example Several problems of people management can be mitigated easily; some are entirely outside our control and can only be restrained; however, you still have power over several aspects which influence your ‘people’ and hence it is your duty to make sure that your leadership and management are constructive. You can merely undervalue the effect which you personally have upon the efficiency and practices of your team. As the manager of a group, you have the power to punish, motivate or limit most factors of their working day, and this puts you in authority, and accountability. This essay will present an analysis of two incidences between managers and employees: (1) managing diversity and (2) workplace discrimination; a self-diagnosis and assessment of my own competency as a manager and as an employee; and an action plan based on the competencies identified in the first two sections. My approach to diversity started with an aggressive, insistent, and proactive action plan. I viewed diversity as an organization’s asset, a main concern of the management, and an actual business goal. Before one can successfully deal with diversity you should first have a highly diversified work force. Fundamental to the success of my approach was the organization’s accepting the requirements of the law. The organization aims to make sure that their employees are representative of the demographics of the community and that its personnel and management seem like the transforming nature of the enterprises they serve (Dubois 1993). The objective is to ‘motivate’ and not diversity management. To that objective, my approach deals with general changes to encourage each individual to provide their inputs to his/her best potential. Diversity management is a transformative practice and the focus has shifted from the superiority of affirmative action to the breadth of optimizing all organizational members (Armstrong 2000). My program for workforce

ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION SYSTEM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION SYSTEM - Assignment Example These methods are for the industry of the electric power. Generation of electricity occurs at the power station by the generators of electromechanical, mainly fueled by nuclear fission or chemical combustion to drive the heat engines. Other means like wind and flowing water are used to generate kinetic energy (McKenna, 2009). The other sources of energy are inclusive of geothermal power and photovoltaic. Following the development of AC transmission power, the main power stations became practical economically. This was through the use of the transformers to transmit power with low energy loss at a high voltage. The first power plant was run on coal or water, and in the present the main reliable energy sources are nuclear, coal, hydroelectric, wind generators, petroleum and the natural gas. The other which is not relied much on is as follows; tidal power, solar energy and solar energy. This is the process of utilizing extracted steam or exhaust from a turbine for the purpose of heating, for example distilling petroleum in building heat or refinery. Prior to the introduction of the power stations, the commercial buildings and the big hotels would generate their very own power. (iv) Induction of Electromagnetic , in which case there is a dynamo, electrical generator or an alternator that change energy of motion which is kinetic energy into electricity. This is the most common form of generating electricity and has its basis on the law of Faraday. Turbines are all operated by the fluid that is acts as a middle carrier of energy. Most of the mentioned engines of heat energy are turbines. The other turbines types are driven by the falling water or wind. The sources are as follows:- (a) Geothermal power. Where hot water evaporates a boiling a liquid that is boiling for the creation of steam for driving the turbine. The turbine can also be driven by the underground steam which is under

EDWARD THORP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

EDWARD THORP - Essay Example Like many great arts, this art has great clarity. It is possible to locate different scenarios of this painting in a single look. For instance, one can locate bending female, different features of her nudity, and different textures of her body parts. This immediately sets the mood of the painting to achieve the intended meaning. The painting is made on a landscape depicting a story behind it. From this painting, I understand Western culture so well with the nude female sunbathing, picnicking, or sleeping. Linhares painting gives the audience what they need to see and enjoy. The painting achieves a special attraction to its audience form the lovely combination of different colours. There is articulate use of bright colours alongside glowing ones make me understand realism from the story. For instance, the body of the nude female has brown colour, with some blue hues to depict realism. Her hair and eyes are brown to depict that the female is western and to represent their sunbathing culture. In addition, Linhares has used colour to represent special bubbles in the painting to show that the woman is in a watery area. A pine tree is seen form a distance with some dark colours to depict a shore as part of the background. Although some areas bear the same colours, shadow tone helps Linhares to make remarkable combinations. Some of these shadow tones include yellow, magenta, olive green, brown, black, purple, sienna, and others. She has used bold backgrounds that make the skies and the terrain on the paintings look real. Additionally, Linhares uses darker sha des to make the message clearer. For instance, the thighs of the woman have thicker paintings to show how much they are stretched to get the woman to the ground. Her imagination can only be compared with the effects seen on films shot at the magic hour of dusk (Kreimer

Informative analysis of school uniforms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Informative analysis of school uniforms - Essay Example The president said in his 1996 state of the union address that schools should adapt to compulsory school uniforms if it means that teenagers can stop killing one another over designer clothing (Julia, 2012, p. 2). Since that time, school uniforms have been used as the long awaited policy for solving school violence crisis. In October of 1998, uniforms were supported by the United States conference of mayors, and the USA today of 15th October 1998 reported a significant decline in crime and an increased performance for students in schools that have implemented the policy. It specifically cites 91 percent drop in theft, vandalism, assaults and drug violation since 1991 in Long Beach (Julia, 2012, p. 4). Although the article neglects other steps that can improve students’ behavior, like increasing the teachers patrolling school hallways at class changes, taken in Long Beach around that same time and the nationwide concentration given to school uniforms, parents became more aware of their vital need to take part in their children’s lives. Students also identified the higher anticipations attached on them. The policy being in effect since 1994 suggests crime was already declining. The two opposing claims can be whether uniform policy alone is sufficient to end school violence and lead to improved performance, as suggested, or if uniform support is just an economical solution designed to disguise the actual weight of the problem (Julia, 2012, p. 3). For school uniforms There are arguments in support of the school uniform policy, firstly they assist school administration identify strangers who can visit the school. The uniforms adopted country wide can be similar. The school administration should, therefore, be able to identify strangers wandering around the school. Every other time, students are supposed to be in their classroom. An intruder might stick out since he/she might be wandering around at a time when students can be expected to be in classroom s studying. The intruder can easily be identified by the mode of dressing which is different from that of the students (Julia, 2012, p. 10). Uniform policy can also assist students in concentration with their school work. The idea here is that if students lack thinking about what to wear to school on a daily basis, they will put more effort on learning. The USA today dated October 15th 1998 reports that most teachers felt uniforms contributed to increased academic improvement because students cannot be distracted by their classmates clothing (Julia, 2012). This is an essential skill that students are supposed to learn since no employer can accept shady work due to distraction by clothing. Another reason is uniforms prevent gang members from insignia and gang colors. Some adornments will still be seen as gang- affiliated even if all students wear uniform. It is simpler to have a general rule on gangs in schools e.g. by forbidding accessories that cannot be essential, like pagers and bandannas, but abolishing the â€Å"gang† look may be rather difficult (Kevin Ryan, 2012, p. 160). Uniforms on the other hand, can help in decreasing violence over expensive clothing. When in England, the author purchased uniform from any store. However, some students purchased sweaters with designer logos. The distinction based on those logos was widely acknowledged and formed the basis of cliques in school.

Constantine the Great Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Constantine the Great - Term Paper Example In 284, the Empire was ruled by General Diocletian and co-Emperor Maximian; Caesares were appointed by leaders, one of them being Constantius. A system known as tetrarchy was implemented which divided the Empire into four territories with one officer assigned to defend each territory. This system became much more efficient in putting the end to the civil wars and the Empire was able to successfully defend against Persian and German raids. The tax system was reformed and the increased revenue allowed the construction of walls and other defenses; by the fourth century the Empire was considered stable. Christians were a minority population and refused to recognize the Roman Empire as a divine entity and would not submit to taxation, sacrifices or imperial service. In 303, Christians were pronounced enemies of the State. Christians were prosecuted in an attempt to force them into loyalty. It was during the campaigns of Diocletian that Constantine gained experience and military training. Constantius died in 306 and the common people declared Constantine as successor though this support and decision was unpopular and not favored by others in the tetrarchy. Constantine married the daughter of Maximian, who was granted shelter at Constantine’s court when he later became enemies with Maxentius. A conference in 308 insisted upon Constantine relinquishing his title of Augustus and return to being only a Caesar but Constantine refused. Maximian made an attempt to gain power and Constantine, upon learning this, immediately marched into Gaul. Maximian either committed suicide or was executed in 310 (â€Å"Emperor Constantine†). Constantine had an amazing vision in which he claimed to see the symbol of Christ shining above the sun, he imagined this to be a divine vision and had his soldiers paint the symbol on their shields. It seemed Constantine’s conversion was genuine and

Business and Organizational behavior Movie Review

Business and Organizational behavior - Movie Review Example According to the illustration, the management of the Bhopal was to blame for the disaster because of negligence on crucial operations, and the management of the company. The management allowed the storage of the MIC in large tanks that were not recommended, and as if this was not enough, they were filled beyond the recommended levels. This increased the temperature of the gas which, caused leakage. There is also negligence on the earlier warnings of the gas leakage in the factory, which the management ignored to rectify such as a leak on January 1982 that exposed 24 workers to danger, and landed the hospitals. Though the Local Indian Authority warned the company earlier, the management ignored this and failed rectify the problem by the Union CIC. As the movie illustrates the management had switched off several safety systems so that they could reduce operational costs. For example, the MIC tank refrigeration system, which could have reduced the severity of the leakage, was off at the time of the occurrence of a disaster, there was no catastrophe plans put in place by the management in case of any disaster, and finally, the use of undersized safety devices by the factory, also contributed to the disaster. No, the same safety features were not installed or working as those in the United States. In the Bhopal plant, there were looser safety rules compared to those in US. There was no night shift supervisor in the Bhopal plant and the readings were taken after two hours compared to those in US where there must be a night shift supervisor and the readings have to be taken after every one hour as required. In the United States, there is a four stage system compared to the one manual backup system used by the Bhopal plant. The safety audits are done every year in US, but in the Bhopal plant, after two years. I think the Union Carbanide may have different safety features at different plants around the world because of the plants performance. For

Research report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Research report - Essay Example The study also found that majority of customers prefer to receive information about the new supplier via post and then by salesperson visit. Presence on the web have has also been selected. It is recommended that information be sent via post and published via web. These customers can then be followed up by salespersons for generating business. We found that 74% of customer have been approached by 0-2 suppliers for their business and 42% of customers have never switch suppliers in the last five years. This means that if the new supplier is able to market the service in accordance to the top 3 desired and top 3 existing attributes, these customer can move over to the new suppliers. 64% of the customer who have switched suppliers over the last five years indicated that they have been approached by a supplier for their business. This indicates that the general trend of the market is to be approached by the new suppliers rather than approaching the supplier with their business. For the analysis, the age of the sample has been broken down into three groups – below 30, 30 to 60 and over 60 years of age. In this sample, we found the majority of respondents between the age of 30 and 60 ( at 42%), closely followed by respondents below the age of 30 ( at 30%) and then respondents over the age of 60 (at 28%). Major of the respondents fall within the income bracket of $50,000 and above (at 64%) compared to respondents with income below $50,000 (at 36%). Considering the income bracket, the sample is unevenly distributed across various respondent profiles. During this analysis, the masses with income lesser than $50,000 are under-represented, so are females. In terms of age, the 30 to 60 age group is dominant, however this is required since this is the age group which would normally be found as a familys decision maker age group. The positive implication of these limitations is that the actual decision making age group is largely represented but the

In recent years Essay Example for Free

In recent years Essay In recent years, the selective and mobility promoting function of education has become more important than its socialising function` Do you agree? Explain I agree with the opinion that in recent years, the selective and mobility promoting function of education has become more important than its socialising function. While both these functions retain their importance, the selective and mobility one has received greater prominence. In the US, education has always been a gateway to professional life and a vehicle for social mobility. In a sense, this is a great advantage of the US society compared to those with traditionally rigid social structures since promotion to upper classes through education opens the way for those from low-income families to move up in their socioeconomic status relatively quickly. With years, however, educational institutions became a tool for sorting school graduates into those who qualify for professional careers and those who do not. Reliance on standardised tests has turned the US system of education into an institution that selects those fitting into the standards and gives them chances for social mobility. At the same time, the socializing function has become less important. Modern adolescents still seek to make new friends, to have cheerful college years. Their professors remind them that socializing is also important for social mobility, prompting them to build a network of acquaintances that will later contribute to their career. Thus, even socializing has been turned into a vehicle for social mobility. Students increasingly view their educational experience as a step toward career progress rather than a chance to gain friends or broaden their world outlook. This is visible, for instance, in graduate students’ aspirations to get into top MBA programs that many see as a gateway to high-salaried executive world. The main advantage of the top programs as compared to the rest, in the eyes of a large part of student body, is that they have sifted through applicants at the beginning, chosen the best ones and sent them off to high posts in business organisations. Socializing takes a second place in these considerations because students are mostly interested in career ambitions and see education as a way to realize them.

Professional Educator Professionalism Essay Example for Free

Professional Educator Professionalism Essay Professional development is an important aspect of an educator’s life. Without continuous development, there will be no true development. To enhance professionalism, I will look for trainings and seminars enhancing my skills and participate in these activities. I can benefit from such seminars and trainings in two ways. One is by learning more about educator professionalism. Secondly, I can network with other people and learn from their experiences as educators. Another action item that I can include would be to consult books, websites and blogs on educator professionalism. By reading the experiences of other educators, I can also take a look at my own experiences and apply the lessons I learn. A realistic time line for monitoring my progress is one year. During this time, I will keep a personal journal detailing the lessons I learned and the progress I am making in connection with developing professionalism. Through this, I can have an empirical tool for assessing my professional growth. This journal can in fact be online through a blog. This way, I can effectively use technology in enhancing my productivity, efficiency, and effectiveness in being an educator. Reflection and Professional Improvement As part of the journaling and blogging process, I can use reflection. I can look at my daily, weekly and monthly experiences and reflect on my progress. Reflection is a very powerful tool because it allows me to look back and take a look at my own professional practice, my own beliefs, my experiences and think about how these things affect my thinking, my belief system and the way that I do my work. With the aid of my journal, I can write down my thoughts. This way, I can benefit more greatly from my reflections and make necessary adjustments if needed. Reflections, after all, are worth nothing if I do not make the necessary actions to make improvements. With reflection, I can also be satisfied with the result of my efforts. I can be further encouraged with the results of my efforts. The Importance of a Professional Growth Plan An old adage says that those â€Å"who fail to plan are planning to fail. † Planning for professional growth is very important because it allows people to define their vision. Once they know their vision, they can put their heart and their efforts to it. It is similar to having a clear direction in mind. From such a direction, the map can be derived and will help a person navigate through the difficult road of professional growth. A professional growth plan also prescribes the course of action that a person has to take to make the most of his profession. It enables a person to set goals and the corresponding action he has to do to achieve such goals. It also breaks down the vision into achievable goals and prevents him from being overwhelmed and being overtaken by fear or hesitation. At first glance, a vision may seem impossible to achieve. But with goals and objectives, a professional can take one step at a time towards the eventual destination. On the contrary, without a professional growth plan, a person may simply do one thing after another and will end up just doing what he has done in the past over and over again. Over time, he becomes stagnant and eventually his skills will deteriorate. To avoid this scenario from happening, a professional growth plan is very much needed.

Process Intensification In Chemical Engineering Engineering Essay

Process Intensification In Chemical Engineering Engineering Essay Process Intensification (PI) is a concept in chemical engineering which first defined back in 1970 sparked by the need to reduce capital cost involved in a particular production system This was first pioneered by ICI to reduce plant volume without sacrificing its production capacity [1, Dautzenberg] (Dautzenberg, et al., 2001). There was a first international conference in 1995, International Conference for Process Intensification in the Chemical Industry. Ramshaw was the early scholar who worked on process intensification philosophical foundation, defined PI as a strategy for making dramatic reductions in the size of a chemical plant to achieve a given production objective (Ramshaw, 1995). Process intensification involves dramatic reduction in chemical plant equipments by installation or individual equipment volume as presented by (Ramshaw, 1995) and (Stankiewicz, 2003). By mentioning dramatic reductions, Ramshaw mentions of miniaturizing volume by the order of 100 to 1000. This definition by Ramshaw is quite limited and is cited in Stankiewicz (Stankiewicz, et al., 2000) as being too narrow that it discussed more on size reduction. PI can be defined as intensification on particular desired effect and size reduction is one of many desired results that can be achieved through PI. This definition is widened by Stankiewicz definition of process intensification as any chemical engineering development that leads to a substantially smaller, cleaner and more energy-efficient technology is process intensification (Stankiewicz, et al., 2000). BHR Group defines process intensification as: Process intensification is a revolutionary approach to process and plant design, development and implementation. Providing a chemical process with the precise environment it needs to flourish results in better products, and processes which are safer, cleaner, smaller, and cheaper. PI does not just replace old, inefficient plant with new, intensified equipment. It can challenge business models, opening up opportunities for new patentable products and process chemistry and change to just-in-time or distributed manufacture (BHR Group, 2003). This has been widely accepted (try to connect references) as definition of process intensification in chemical industry. Process intensification can be categorised into two types of approaches which are; (1) methodology-based approach and another one is (2) equipment-based approach. Figure Process intensfication and its components (from Stankiewicz et al. 2004). This major categorisation of two approach in process intensification is also presented and some of the latest existing industrial examples are given in an article in The Chemical Engineer journal (King, et al., 2010). Reaction Engineering involves Sizing and bla bla bla Reaction engineers spend a lot of efforts and ingenuity in enhancing reactors performance by studying and implementing any optimum trajectory for the reaction system to be operated (Nicol, et al., 2001). bla bla bla In reaction engineering, equipment-driven approach is about reactor improvement of rate of reaction by specific-volume, heat transfer and mass transfer, hence may push chemical process or catalyst performance to achieve the best out of their potentials. Nowadays this is done in terms of enhancing conversion rates and reducing by-products formation by achieving concentration and temperature profiles [4, Multfunct.React. Agar pp. 379-381] (Agar, 2004). Catalysis is one of examples of process intensification approach by methodology in general sense, as it serves a function to reduce activation energy required for a reaction to occur. In chemical industry there are two major types of catalytic reactor configurations, being the structured and random reactors. These categories are reviewed later in the next section regarding their benefits in reaction engineering process intensification. Some applications in chemical industry by process-intensifying equipment approach are integrating several unit operations or equipments into one multifunctional reactor, designing a new hybrid separation such as reactive distillation and reactive absorption [2, Trans] (Stankiewicz, et al., 2000). Integration in between two equipments as examples has been reviewed by Stankiewicz (2003) [5] Stamicarbons Urea 200plus technology. In this paper, the reactor is designed incorporated with condenser and known as pool reactor. Size comparison shown that in this particular case size of equipment reduced to one-fourth of the conventional equipments (Stankiewicz, 2003) [5]. The best reactor design and configuration is identified in a particular chemical process by knowledge available in its reaction chemistry, contacting pattern in terms of how and when individual elements pass through the reactor and contact one another and how long its identity changes. Furthermore, critical studies in reaction overall kinetics as well as its thermodynamics to which elements are exposed along their reaction trajectory is important in enhancing chemical reactor or in order to integrate reactor with any other unit operations. Through this reactor design concept, the most suitable reactor configuration is selected, e.g., ideal plug flow, packed-bed and etc. Overall kinetics bla.. bla.. bla.. In considering thermodynamics, heat transfer within or across the boundaries of reactor is a crucial consideration to establish optimised reaction in multifunctional reactor, based on their activation energy needed for raw materials to react. In multifunctional reactor this is the scope where energy would be supplied or removed from an endothermic or exothermic main reaction to maintain a forward drive of chemical reaction. Energy balances are important at this stage and establishing temperature profile is needed from analysis for purpose of chemical reaction intensification. Methods of heat transfer are also reviewed as there are categories of heat transfer methods known to be efficient in a particular reaction. This is the normal and widely accepted procedure Individual reactor design such as static mixer reactor, monolithic reactor, spinning disk reactor and etc, are examples of equipment-driven approach in process intensification (Stankiewicz, 2003). This examples are actually concepts revolves on developing component design and improvement of a particular reactor. Development of Modelling of process intensification. MAIN PARTS a PI Area of Concern in Reaction Engineering Applications. Heat exchange in reaction engineering Reactor usually contains high amount of energy namely heat as reaction is progressing with reactor usually being operated at the highest temperature compare to other equipment upstream and downstream. This is essential to the reactions as thermal energy required for molecular bond to form or dissociate. Heat exchange in reaction engineering design has been studied extensively as heat transfer plays a significant role in all chemical reactions. Agar D.W. (2004) (Agar, 2004) has categorised heat transfer into four categories, namely convection, recuperation regeneration and reaction (Figure ). This categorisation helps a lot in providing the best heat transfer solution in knowing which the best reactor configuration is in adding or removing heat. Figure Heat transfers for manipulating temperatures and concentration profiles in chemical reactors (from Agar, 2004). Convection is additional or removal of side-streams which intentionally limits the availability of one reactant, hence, improving selectivity, e.g.; cold-shot reactor. In recuperation heat transfer there is an external heat transfer sources and sinks which operates to generate temperature differences in between reaction phase and heating medium by taking in or removing heat somewhere else, e.g.; cooling towers, fin fan coolers, heat exchangers and etc. Regeneration heat transfer makes use of the reactor internals, usually beds or packings as an accumulation of heat and mass in order to establish temperature profile and also concentrations. This temperature could not increase when in steady-state operation (Agar, 2004). Reaction is a straight-forward combination of main reaction with compatible supplementary reaction either thermally or materially, e.g.; oxyhydrogenation (Agar, 2004). Operating temperature is achieved in reactor by one of these heat exchange approaches using various kinds of reactors accessories in multifunctional reactor such as heat jacket, tubes heat tracing or less commonly by heating coil. Mass transfer in reaction engineering Integration of mass transfer and catalyst has been studied (since, whom, what are achievement so far.) and prominently applied in reactive distillations which will be reviewed in details below. Packing shapes Multifunctional reactors development. e.g; Pool reactor, reactive distillation column, heat exchanger reactor Multifunctional reactors are reactors that serve many functions of unit operations in single equipment. These reactors usually combined with separators either distillation or absorber, or with heat transfer equipments such as cooler, heater or condenser. Some of the examples are: Pool reactors (reactor-condenser) Reactive distillation columns Pool reactor were discussed in Stankiewicz 2003 [5] (Stankiewicz, 2003), where combination of reactor and condenser yielded a novel equipment. Worlds first pool reactor is known developed by DSM Research back in 1945. A type of multifunctional reactor in which combined reactor and condenser was studied in details by Ben Amor et al (1999) (Ben Amor, et al., 1999) took methanol synthesis from its raw material, syngas in prototypes as main scope. (Add a bit of elaboration for advancement achievement). This is further developed and analysed in Haut, et al (2004) (Haut, et al., 2004) Heat exchanger reactor is designed by combining reactor, heat exchanger and scrubber by the PI in multifunctional reactor design. Multifunctional reactor has been a good example of process intensification by equipment-driven approach. Process intensification in multifunctional reactors were presented in Pros: Examples in practiced Cons: There Several functions or processes are designed to occur simultaneously in multifunctional reactors. One of many examples of these reactors is fluidised catalytic cracker (FCC) that has two reactions occur in one unit operation namely cracking and another is removal of coke in hydrocarbon (Dautzenberg, et al., 2001). Issues Implementation MAIN PARTS b Chemical reactors often used catalysts in its operations as they provide easier path for reaction to happen that the activation energy is lowered with their presence in reaction phase. Two general categories of catalytic reactor configuration are random catalytic reactor and structured catalytic reactor. Structured catalysts has been paid attention Random catalysts Reactive distillation is one of many examples of process intensification in multifunctional reactor. One of many good examples in process intensification by integration of unit operations is the reactive distillation in which reaction phase is put together with separation phase in single equipment. This has been call as pool reactor (Stankiewicz, 2003 [5]) (Stankiewicz, 2003). Reactive distillations uses column packing which made by the catalyst material as the reactants pass through the column will react and the separation takes place along the column throughout the packing This was initiated by the studies.. where column internals which use conventional packing shape with materials that could probably be replaced with catalytically compatible materials to bring forward reaction equilibrium for more yields. An example of this ground-breaking new packing is Super X-pack (structured packing) designed and manufactiured by Nagaoka International Corp., able to reduce size of column down to five times smaller compares to conventional column and much lower pressure drop across the packing. This dramatic reduction of equipment size was illustrated as comparison to conventional applications by Stankiewicz (2003) [5] (Stankiewicz, 2003) as shown in figure (Figure ). Figure Super X-pack revolutionary packing for distillation columns by Nagaoka International Corp. Sulzer Chemtech developed KATAPAK-S packing as catalytic packing and this is packing has been studied in details regarding the geometry of flow channel, hydrodynamics and mass transfer performance in Behrens et. al. (2006) [9] (Behrens, et al., 2006). Modelling of liquid hold-up, pressure drop and mass transfer were conducted specifically based on this Sulzers KATAPAK-S as the main focus in this publication. This knowledge is crucial for further developments and applications. Stankiewicz (2003) (Stankiewicz, 2003) is also cited in this paper in terms of combining reactors and separators. Future researches on these Super X-pack and Sulzers KATAPAK-S are potential development of catalytic version of this packing. From process-intensification point of view this could possibly be the breakthrough shift in vast reduction of column size and a key step up in reactive distillation that will bring a extensive benefits in chemical industry. Parkinson (2000), Drip drop in column internals Applications in Chemical Industry. Catalytic reactive distillation has been commercially used in chemical industry (DeGarmo J.L., 1992) [8] (DeGarmo, et al., 1992). One of the examples of applications in chemical industries is the Methyl Acetate separative reactor technology development by Eastman Chemicals. This is presented by Siirola (1995) [12] (Siirola, J. J.; Eastman Chemical Company, 1996). This has been cited in Stankiewicz (2003) [5] to reflect the extensive reduction in plant size. This massive plant size of seven tasks is integrated into single piece of equipment. Distillation, extractive distillation, reaction, reactive distillation are the discrete tasks which have been combined into one column. As the result, numbers of equipment are reduced to 3 from conventional plant that has 28 equipments. This is shown in figure (label figure below) Figure 4 Plant integration in methyl acetate separative reactor process by Eastman Chemical (from Siirola 1996 [13]). Benefits (to relate this point of integration benefits in between [5, Stankiewicz], [Ramshaw,1999] cost reduction and [6, Hendershot] safety regarding integrated unit operation e.g.; pool reactor, in reactive distillation) Cost reduction on the major plant item was the primary objective of PI, but other benefits comes along with this reduction of costs such as structural work, earth/civil work for large vessel foundations, installations and labour as well as less pipe work needed (Ramshaw, 1999). While looking into process intensification from safety point of view this equipment integration .. (Hendershot, 2004) This can reduce the risk of reaction stage while in operation as reducing the size of the plant means minimising hazardous material usage concept proposed by Kletz (Kletz, 1996). The possible opportunity for chemical fugitive through pipe connection in between unit operations is also eliminated as what you dont have cant leak (Kletz, 1978). This simpler plant is the result one looking for in achieving the objective in process intensification. Smaller plant is one of the objectives in process intensification and parallel with the concept of mentioned above in introduction (Stankiewicz, et al., 2000). Potentials of further development of reactive distillation: Pool reactor was started as RD program by DSM Research back in 1945 and after 51 years, the technology was established and patented in 1996 in urea production known as Urea 2000plusà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ technology. The first commercial plant was commissioned in 1998 when start-up of first Urea 2000plusà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ pool reactor plant. Stamicarbons Urea 2000plusà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ technology reduced the size of installed equipments from early establishment at total height of 78 metres .. (Bakker, 2004). Reactor Stripper Condenser Scrubber Pool Condenser Pool Reactor Urea 2000plusà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ technology Conventional urea technology C:UsersdynaPicturesMP Navigator EX2010_10_03Urea 2000Plus Pool Reactor2.jpg Figure 5 Reduction of size by integration of reactor, condenser and scrubber featured in Stamicarbons Urea 2000plusà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ technology (from Bakker, 2004). MAIN PARTS c Modelling of process intensification. Modelling Modelling of Krishna Taylor (2000) MAIN PARTS d Process intensification for safety. In establishing a chemical plant nowadays, there are massive lists of safety legislations need to be adhered. One of the best practices in chemical industry is to construct a plant with elements of inherent safety. Inherent safety and intrinsic safety mean the same and would be used interchangeably from this point onwards. Process intensification is an important aspect that needs to be implemented in achieving an inherently safer chemical process and plant. Process intensification for inherent safety concept has long been establish has been Intrinsic safety in reactor configuration and operation is a crucial element since reactor is a heart of a chemical manufacturing plant. Being the centre of a process containing various components of chemicals as raw materials are introduced and as reactions took place there would be mixture of products and normally more than two by-products. Reactor also traditionally contains high amount of energy namely heat as operating with usually being operated at the highest temperature compare to other equipment upstream and downstream. This is where energy would be supplied or removed as stated before in the introduction. From the point of equipment integration reviewed before, reactor combination with other unit operations such as distillation, condenser, scrubber or heat exchanger is another approach in process intensification, i.e; equipment-driven approach (King et. al. 2010) [10]. MAIN PARTS e Barriers and potential prospects of process intensification in reaction engineering. Besides wide-ranging advancement in PI in reaction engineering, there are several difficulties known in holding back the research and implementation of technologies. This occurs especially in upscaling from lab or pilot scale to commercial scale. In 1998 AIChEs Center for Waste Reduction Technologies organised two workshops that has recognised barriers for reactive/hybrid separations and as agreed there were three categories of technical and nontechnical difficulties which are: Technical gaps, such as lack of simulation and scale-up capability, lack of validated thermodynamics and kinetic data, lack of materials (compatible materials, e.g., integrated catalysts/sorbents, membrane materials) as these materials have to be developed specifically for the purpose of new process chemistry, and lack of high-level process synthesis methodology. Technology transfer barriers, lack of experts in multidisciplinary team in process integration approach, lack of communality of problems (each application has unique technology) and lack of models/prototypes on a reasonable scale (most of the studies still regarded as science which involves small-scale researches). General barriers, such as higher standards, to require implementation of new technologies, as opposed to conventional technologies, lack of process economics (as new technologies have not been proved to be feasible as there is no commercial model available) and fear of risk in operating new technologies. Besides those difficulties, future opportunities CONCLUSIONS The implementations of process intensifications transform conventional chemical engineering unit operations into a revolutionary process technology whether by integration of several unit operations or by altering intrinsic chemical process elements to eliminate unnecessary process bottlenecks. Changes usually measured by the substantially cost improvement, progress delivery/process time, [3, Re-Engineering chem]

Jeffersonian and Jacksonian Democracy :: American America History

Jeffersonian and Jacksonian Democracy Jeffersonian and Jacksonian Democracy are the same in just about every regard. Their views and goals as presidents are the same. Both are in favor of the common man and feel that it is the common people who should have the biggest influence on government, not the wealthy aristocrats. They also support states rights and feel that the federal government should not get involved with the states affairs. Both men's actions clearly show that the common man does not include minorities. Both Jackson's and Jefferson's actions and words are very similar and support the same beliefs. Thomas Jefferson was a strong supporter and spokesman for the common man and self-government. He strongly believed that the purpose of American government is to look after and support the common interests of the people. He was against anything that he felt would hurt the common man such as the Bank of the U.S. and big government. Jefferson believed the Bank was hurting the common man and became a damaging monopoly. "It would swallow up all the delegated powers [of the states], and reduce the whole to one power..."-Jefferson referring to the Bank. He was strongly against big government and felt it would oppress the common man. "I am not a friend of a very energetic government...it places the governors indeed more at their ease, at the expense of the people." Jefferson was also a strong supporter of the Bill of Rights, which protected the rights of the people. "A bill of rights is what the people are entitled to..." He felt the Bill of Rights would clearly state and protect people's ri ghts, "freedom of religion, freedom of the press, protection against standing armies, restriction of monopolies, the eternal and unremitting force of the habeas corpus laws, and trial by jury...." It was based on Jefferson's suggestions that Madison proposed a Bill of Rights. Jefferson did everything he could to help the common man. Andrew Jackson was undoubtedly a man of the people. He was the first president to be chosen by the people and his background was not that of a typical president. He was not born into a rich family. Jackson's favored the general public rather than the wealthy. His election shifted the balance of power from the wealthy East Coast, to farmers and small businesspeople in the west. Jackson vetoed more bills than all previous presidents did in an attempt to help the common man.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder :: Post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD

In all honesty I did not hear the term Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) until some time after I re-deployed from Iraq in mid August 2003. Surely the term had been around long before them, but it wasn’t commonly used acronym in the military. I didn’t have nearly the frequent use that is has in today’s Army. Nowadays, everything a Soldier does is associated with PTSD even if the Soldier has not been diagnosed with it; it has become such a ill-used word that from what I can see everyone is try to jump on the band wagon. So if Soldier is late for my formation, the first thing he says is, â€Å"I must have PTSD or something, I need to get check out†, well the whole time I am thinking the Soldier just didn’t want to get up this morning, he doesn’t have PTSD. So I can understand how the screening for PTSD may be a bit diluted as everyone [thinks] they have it, even those who are new recruits and have never even been to combat. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD, is an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to a terrifying event or ordeal in which grave physical harm occurred or was threatened. Traumatic events that may trigger PTSD include violent personal assaults, natural or human-caused disasters, accidents, or military combat (National Institute of Mental Health, 2011). Although not all individuals who have been traumatized develop PTSD, there can be significant physical consequences of being traumatized. For example, research indicates that people who have been exposed to an extreme stressor sometimes have a smaller hippocampus, the region of brain that plays a role in memory, than people who have not been exposed to trauma (MedicineNet, 2011). Often family member those diagnosed with PTSD find themselves often feeling hurt, alienated, or discouraged because the patient has yet to overcome the ordeal of this trauma (Hall, 2008, p. 226). The additional stressors that families face by their uniformed Soldier going to war is both physical and emotionally draining, however, they must understand in order for the Soldier to be effective, they must be able to cope with the warrior culture and warfare associated with the 21st century (Hall, 2008, p. 227). When a family member goes to war, the impact on those left at home can be challenging.

The Urban Legend of the Backseat Murderer Essay -- Urban Legends Ghost

The Backseat Murderer A good urban legend is like a good movie. It unfolds perfectly and it appeals to the audience’s hopes, fears, and anxieties. The urban legend I am about to describe was told by a first year female biology major at the University. She is of Indian descent and both her parents work in the biotechnology field. I collected this story on a Sunday night in the dorm. The fact that it was nighttime helped create the proper mood for the story. It was told in a dimly lit dorm room. The story was told with an eerie tone of voice, with emphasis and excitement during certain parts. The final part of the story was told in a mysterious fashion, which helped with the delivery of the ending. I heard this story a while ago from a friend. It starts out with a woman who is driving late at night in the middle of nowhere, trying to get home from a long road trip. She is exhausted and is having trouble staying awake and paying attention to the road. Next, the â€Å"low gas† light on her car comes on and the car needs gas. The woman doesn’t know where the nearest town or gas station is, but she keeps driving. Eventually she comes upon an old rundown gas station. She doesn’t want to stop there since it’s so quiet and she feels unsafe, but the car needs gas so she decides to pull in. An attendant walks out to help fill her car up with gas. He is very shady looking and creeps her out. She did not like the whole situation at all and felt very uncomfortable. As soon as he is done filling her car with gas, she pays him. Next, the attendant tells her he needs to talk to her inside. She refuses, but he keeps on insisting that it is very important. When she r efuses again, he grabs her arm in an attempt to get her to come inside, but the wo... ...er. She is unwilling to obey his requests. This shows society’s view of strangers and how they should not be trusted. However, the fact that she did not trust the stranger led to her ultimate demise. The overt moral of this story is don’t be quick in judging someone that you don’t know, they may be trying to help you. Works Cited Brunvand, Jan Harold. Too Good To Be True. New York: W. W. Norton, 1999. (pp. 97-100). Joyce, Darrel A. â€Å"Modern Folklore: Cybermythology in Western Culture†. The AnthroGlove Journal. http://www.anthroglobe.ca/docs/cybermythology.htm Mikkelsen, Barbara. â€Å"The Killer in the Backseat†. Urban Legends Reference Pages. http://www.snopes.com/horrors/madmen/backseat.htm Smith, Paul. The Book of Nasty Legends. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983. (pp. 95-96). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. http://www.wikipedia.org.

Liveable Cities

Urban Transportation: Towards A Liveable City CHUAH PEI JIN ABSTRACT Cities as we know them today are already dramatically changing. Our living environments are reshaping the way we live. Malaysia is planning for long-term sustainability, encouraging us to think about how we can shape it and new ideas that can transform our future. The importance of ecosystem has resulted in the concept of Livable City that becomes a popular concept which is widely used in most city center of established country but in Malaysia it is still considered a new concept.It is obvious that the concept has contributed a great deal to the urban environment. This research will discuss the contribution of urban transportation bringing forwards our country to become a livable city by taking Penang as its case study. Achieving livable city concept is important as it subsequently enhance city with benefits that sustainable lifestyle can provide in terms of environmental, economic and social. Therefore this initiat ive will be further enhanced on policy commitment by the Penang State Government to make Penang a Cleaner, Greener and Healthier city.What has constantly guided our approach to sustainable development is far-sighted, holistic, and comprehensive planning, which enables us to take into account future development needs through an integrated planning process. INTRODUCTION The twenty-first century finds civilization heavily based in cities that have grown into metropolitan areas. Many of these focal points of human activity face problems of economic inefficiency, environmental deterioration, and an unsatisfactory quality of life–problems that go far in determining whether a city is â€Å"livable. A large share of these problems stems from the inefficiencies and other impacts of urban transportation systems. The era of projects aimed at maximizing vehicular travel is being replaced by the broader goal of achieving livable cities: economically efficient, socially sound, and environ mentally friendly. This explores the complex relationship between transportation and the character of cities and metropolitan regions. Transportation for Livable Cities dispels the myths and emotional advocacies for or against freeways, rail transit, bicycles, and other modes of transportation.The consequences of excessive automobile dependence and shows that the most livable cities worldwide have intermodal systems that balance highway and public transit modes while providing for pedestrians, bicyclists, and para transit. The policies necessary for achieving livable cities: the effective implementation of integrated intermodal transportation systems. Traffic impact mitigation measures can be divided into two categories: those related to land use and those related to transportation.Two case studies in Bangkok, Thailand showed that measures related to land use were effective in reducing congestion in the area surrounding a development, while traffic-related measures were useful in al leviating site-specific impacts. In the centre of Bangkok, the ineffective implementation of measures related to land was considered one of the major causes of traffic congestion. It is recommended that the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration should develop more explicit policy tools for mitigating the traffic impact of new developments.DEFINATION OF LIVEABLE CITY A liveable city is cities that provide a good quality of life for its citizens. * Develop in an environmentally responsible manner * Sustain a robust a vibrant economy BACKGROUND Penang is a state in northern part of peninsular Malaysia. Penang is the second smallest state in Malaysia and consists of Penang Island and Seberang Perai on the mainland. Penang Island consists of about 1048 km2, with an estimated population of around 1520 thousand, while Seberang Perai occupies an area of about 738 sq km, with a population of 670 thousand.The major urban centers on the island are Georgetown, which is the administrative centre, and Butterworth and Bukit Mertajam on the mainland. Penang Island has an international airport and is linked by a ferry service and a bridge to the mainland. The major port facilities are on the mainland, while passengers and minor cargo vessels are handled at Swettenham Pier on the island. Penang is a highly urbanized state, with a vibrant economy driven primarily by manufacturing industry and tourism.Known as the â€Å"Silicon Valley of Asia†, it is home to most of the major electronics and semiconductor giants in the world and is a major centre for international industrial investment. With its beaches, multicultural and heritage attractions, Penang is also a leading tourist destination for both domestic and international visitors. Until the current financial crisis, the state was experiencing a rapid rate of economic growth with an average of 12 per cent growth in gross domestic product between 1992 and 1997. CURRENT URBAN TRANSPORT ISSUES IN PENANGCities are locations hav ing a high level of accumulation and concentration of economic activities and are complex spatial structures that are supported by transport systems. The larger the city, the greater its complexity and the potential for disruptions, particularly when this complexity is not effectively managed. The most important transport problems are often related to urban areas and take place when transport systems, for a variety of reasons, cannot satisfy the numerous requirements of urban mobility.Urban productivity is highly dependent on the efficiency of its transport system to move labor, consumers and freight between multiple origins and destinations. Additionally, important transport terminals such as ports, airports, and rail are located within urban areas, contributing to a specific array of problems. Among the most notable urban transport problems are: i. High private vehicle dependency To be continuing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ii. Public transport inadequacyThe limited capacity, poor reliability a nd quality of public transport facilities in the state is a major determinant of mode of transport choice. Presently, over 60 per cent of those travelling by bus (schoolchildren, factory workers, migrant workers, the poor and elderly) are captive passengers who do not own a private vehicle (Penang State Government 1995). Despite significant improvements having been made to the bus system in the last few years, such as the introduction of air-conditioned buses and minibuses and the expansion of routes, the proportion of bus passengers on he busiest routes is estimated to remain below 30 per cent. While bus users complain about delays and missed schedules, bus operators are frustrated by buses being unable to follow fixed schedules due to traffic congestion during peak hours. iii. High rate of traffic accidents The number of road accidents in the state more than doubled between 1991 and 1995, while the number of casualties and deaths increased by 235 per cent and 175 per cent respecti vely. Casualties per 1,000 vehicles also increased from 3. 5 in 1991 to 9. in 1995. The rate of fatalities in 1995 (34 per 100,000) was more than twice that in 1991 (13 per 100,000) and significantly higher than the level considered acceptable (5-10 per 100,000). More than 50 per cent of fatalities and 60 per cent of casualties are motorcyclists. It is also significant to note that between 1992 and 1996, 12 to 15 per cent of total fatalities and 10 to 13 per cent of total casualties were pedestrians, and 5 to 7 per cent of total fatalities and 5 to 6 per cent of total casualties were cyclists. iv.Inadequate facilities for pedestrians, cyclists and the mobility-impaired Existing pedestrian footways are of inadequate quality and do not provide sufficient levels of safety and comfort to encourage walking. Facilities for cyclists, such as bicycle lanes, are non-existent. The transportation needs of the mobility-impaired such as the elderly and the disabled, as well as those of young chi ldren have also been seriously neglected. v. Traffic Congestion and parking difficulties Traffic congestion in Penang has reached fairly serious levels due to the rapid increase in traffic volumes on the major urban roads.Traffic volumes between 1975 and 1995 more than doubled on most roads, with increases of up to 5 times on certain road sections in Seberang Perai. In terms of vehicle concentration, there has been an increase of almost 40 per cent since 1980, with an estimated doubling in travel delays. Traffic is growing at an average of 7 per cent annually on most of the major roads in the state (Highway Planning Unit 1995) in close correlation with the average 8 per cent annual growth rate in the total number of cars and motorcycles.While congestion reduces travel speed, which causes much inconvenience and economic loss, it also results in higher vehicle emissions due to engine idling and the frequent acceleration and deceleration associated with stop-and-go conditions, as most vehicle emissions (except nitrogen oxides) typically decrease with speed. vi. Environmental impacts and energy consumption To be continuing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ SUGGESTION * Improve bus service with Rapid Penang [Initiatives by Penang State Government] To be continuing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Introduce Park and Ride System [Bridge Express Shuttle Service] The BEST service was introduced by the Penang State Government in March 2011 as the country's first park and ride service as an effort to promote more efficient connectivity via public transport in the state. On average, some 800 passengers commute between Penang island and the mainland daily. From 3 September 2012, in addition to the existing park and ride hub at Sunway Carnival Mall, the BEST service introduced two new feeder hubs at Bandar Perda and Auto City at Juru. Save on fuel and toll charges, park your car and take a free ride on the BEST service.If you stay on the mainland and drive to work daily in the Bayan Lepas FIZ, the BEST service i s made for you. Park your car at Sunway Carnival Mall for RM 1. 00 (per entry) or park for FREE at Bandar Perda* and Auto City. BEST covers all areas in FIZ 1, 2, 3, 4, Technoplex and BLlP. -lQ the evening, the BEST service takes you back to your car. * CATS (CENTRAL AREA TRANSIT SERVICE) Rapid Penang CAT (Central Area Transit) is the free bus service funded by Penang state government with frequencies of every 20-30minutes around the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Georgetown.Tourist can just hop on the bus without any fare. * Cycling action plan To be continuing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ * Improve public space leads to increase quality of life To be continuing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ * Walking areas, proper sidewalks and car-restricted zones To be continuing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ CONCLUSION REFERENCES DAP PENANG . (February 5th, 2013). Building a cycling city. Available: http://dappg. org/11735/cky_20130204b/. Last accessed 27 Feb 2013. Vukan R. Vuchic (December 31, 1999). Transportation for livable cities. US: C enter for Urban Policy Research. 376.Liang Fook Lye, Gang Chen (2010). Towards a Livable and Sustainable Urban Environment: Eco-Cities in East Asia. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.. 222. HOKAO, K ; MOHAMED, S S (1999). TRAFFIC IMPACT MITIGATION FOR NEW DEVELOPMENTS: A WAY TO REDUCE TRAFFIC CONGESTION IN MAJOR CITIES. London: Transport Research Laboratory. 1-32. Dietrich Garbrecht. (1999). Walkability: A Prerequisite for Livable Cities. Available: http://www. livablecities. org/blog/walkability-prerequisite-livable-cities. Last accessed 1 March 2013 . Liveable Cities Urban Transportation: Towards A Liveable City CHUAH PEI JIN ABSTRACT Cities as we know them today are already dramatically changing. Our living environments are reshaping the way we live. Malaysia is planning for long-term sustainability, encouraging us to think about how we can shape it and new ideas that can transform our future. The importance of ecosystem has resulted in the concept of Livable City that becomes a popular concept which is widely used in most city center of established country but in Malaysia it is still considered a new concept.It is obvious that the concept has contributed a great deal to the urban environment. This research will discuss the contribution of urban transportation bringing forwards our country to become a livable city by taking Penang as its case study. Achieving livable city concept is important as it subsequently enhance city with benefits that sustainable lifestyle can provide in terms of environmental, economic and social. Therefore this initiat ive will be further enhanced on policy commitment by the Penang State Government to make Penang a Cleaner, Greener and Healthier city.What has constantly guided our approach to sustainable development is far-sighted, holistic, and comprehensive planning, which enables us to take into account future development needs through an integrated planning process. INTRODUCTION The twenty-first century finds civilization heavily based in cities that have grown into metropolitan areas. Many of these focal points of human activity face problems of economic inefficiency, environmental deterioration, and an unsatisfactory quality of life–problems that go far in determining whether a city is â€Å"livable. A large share of these problems stems from the inefficiencies and other impacts of urban transportation systems. The era of projects aimed at maximizing vehicular travel is being replaced by the broader goal of achieving livable cities: economically efficient, socially sound, and environ mentally friendly. This explores the complex relationship between transportation and the character of cities and metropolitan regions. Transportation for Livable Cities dispels the myths and emotional advocacies for or against freeways, rail transit, bicycles, and other modes of transportation.The consequences of excessive automobile dependence and shows that the most livable cities worldwide have intermodal systems that balance highway and public transit modes while providing for pedestrians, bicyclists, and para transit. The policies necessary for achieving livable cities: the effective implementation of integrated intermodal transportation systems. Traffic impact mitigation measures can be divided into two categories: those related to land use and those related to transportation.Two case studies in Bangkok, Thailand showed that measures related to land use were effective in reducing congestion in the area surrounding a development, while traffic-related measures were useful in al leviating site-specific impacts. In the centre of Bangkok, the ineffective implementation of measures related to land was considered one of the major causes of traffic congestion. It is recommended that the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration should develop more explicit policy tools for mitigating the traffic impact of new developments.DEFINATION OF LIVEABLE CITY A liveable city is cities that provide a good quality of life for its citizens. * Develop in an environmentally responsible manner * Sustain a robust a vibrant economy BACKGROUND Penang is a state in northern part of peninsular Malaysia. Penang is the second smallest state in Malaysia and consists of Penang Island and Seberang Perai on the mainland. Penang Island consists of about 1048 km2, with an estimated population of around 1520 thousand, while Seberang Perai occupies an area of about 738 sq km, with a population of 670 thousand.The major urban centers on the island are Georgetown, which is the administrative centre, and Butterworth and Bukit Mertajam on the mainland. Penang Island has an international airport and is linked by a ferry service and a bridge to the mainland. The major port facilities are on the mainland, while passengers and minor cargo vessels are handled at Swettenham Pier on the island. Penang is a highly urbanized state, with a vibrant economy driven primarily by manufacturing industry and tourism.Known as the â€Å"Silicon Valley of Asia†, it is home to most of the major electronics and semiconductor giants in the world and is a major centre for international industrial investment. With its beaches, multicultural and heritage attractions, Penang is also a leading tourist destination for both domestic and international visitors. Until the current financial crisis, the state was experiencing a rapid rate of economic growth with an average of 12 per cent growth in gross domestic product between 1992 and 1997. CURRENT URBAN TRANSPORT ISSUES IN PENANGCities are locations hav ing a high level of accumulation and concentration of economic activities and are complex spatial structures that are supported by transport systems. The larger the city, the greater its complexity and the potential for disruptions, particularly when this complexity is not effectively managed. The most important transport problems are often related to urban areas and take place when transport systems, for a variety of reasons, cannot satisfy the numerous requirements of urban mobility.Urban productivity is highly dependent on the efficiency of its transport system to move labor, consumers and freight between multiple origins and destinations. Additionally, important transport terminals such as ports, airports, and rail are located within urban areas, contributing to a specific array of problems. Among the most notable urban transport problems are: i. High private vehicle dependency To be continuing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ii. Public transport inadequacyThe limited capacity, poor reliability a nd quality of public transport facilities in the state is a major determinant of mode of transport choice. Presently, over 60 per cent of those travelling by bus (schoolchildren, factory workers, migrant workers, the poor and elderly) are captive passengers who do not own a private vehicle (Penang State Government 1995). Despite significant improvements having been made to the bus system in the last few years, such as the introduction of air-conditioned buses and minibuses and the expansion of routes, the proportion of bus passengers on he busiest routes is estimated to remain below 30 per cent. While bus users complain about delays and missed schedules, bus operators are frustrated by buses being unable to follow fixed schedules due to traffic congestion during peak hours. iii. High rate of traffic accidents The number of road accidents in the state more than doubled between 1991 and 1995, while the number of casualties and deaths increased by 235 per cent and 175 per cent respecti vely. Casualties per 1,000 vehicles also increased from 3. 5 in 1991 to 9. in 1995. The rate of fatalities in 1995 (34 per 100,000) was more than twice that in 1991 (13 per 100,000) and significantly higher than the level considered acceptable (5-10 per 100,000). More than 50 per cent of fatalities and 60 per cent of casualties are motorcyclists. It is also significant to note that between 1992 and 1996, 12 to 15 per cent of total fatalities and 10 to 13 per cent of total casualties were pedestrians, and 5 to 7 per cent of total fatalities and 5 to 6 per cent of total casualties were cyclists. iv.Inadequate facilities for pedestrians, cyclists and the mobility-impaired Existing pedestrian footways are of inadequate quality and do not provide sufficient levels of safety and comfort to encourage walking. Facilities for cyclists, such as bicycle lanes, are non-existent. The transportation needs of the mobility-impaired such as the elderly and the disabled, as well as those of young chi ldren have also been seriously neglected. v. Traffic Congestion and parking difficulties Traffic congestion in Penang has reached fairly serious levels due to the rapid increase in traffic volumes on the major urban roads.Traffic volumes between 1975 and 1995 more than doubled on most roads, with increases of up to 5 times on certain road sections in Seberang Perai. In terms of vehicle concentration, there has been an increase of almost 40 per cent since 1980, with an estimated doubling in travel delays. Traffic is growing at an average of 7 per cent annually on most of the major roads in the state (Highway Planning Unit 1995) in close correlation with the average 8 per cent annual growth rate in the total number of cars and motorcycles.While congestion reduces travel speed, which causes much inconvenience and economic loss, it also results in higher vehicle emissions due to engine idling and the frequent acceleration and deceleration associated with stop-and-go conditions, as most vehicle emissions (except nitrogen oxides) typically decrease with speed. vi. Environmental impacts and energy consumption To be continuing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ SUGGESTION * Improve bus service with Rapid Penang [Initiatives by Penang State Government] To be continuing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Introduce Park and Ride System [Bridge Express Shuttle Service] The BEST service was introduced by the Penang State Government in March 2011 as the country's first park and ride service as an effort to promote more efficient connectivity via public transport in the state. On average, some 800 passengers commute between Penang island and the mainland daily. From 3 September 2012, in addition to the existing park and ride hub at Sunway Carnival Mall, the BEST service introduced two new feeder hubs at Bandar Perda and Auto City at Juru. Save on fuel and toll charges, park your car and take a free ride on the BEST service.If you stay on the mainland and drive to work daily in the Bayan Lepas FIZ, the BEST service i s made for you. Park your car at Sunway Carnival Mall for RM 1. 00 (per entry) or park for FREE at Bandar Perda* and Auto City. BEST covers all areas in FIZ 1, 2, 3, 4, Technoplex and BLlP. -lQ the evening, the BEST service takes you back to your car. * CATS (CENTRAL AREA TRANSIT SERVICE) Rapid Penang CAT (Central Area Transit) is the free bus service funded by Penang state government with frequencies of every 20-30minutes around the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Georgetown.Tourist can just hop on the bus without any fare. * Cycling action plan To be continuing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ * Improve public space leads to increase quality of life To be continuing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ * Walking areas, proper sidewalks and car-restricted zones To be continuing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ CONCLUSION REFERENCES DAP PENANG . (February 5th, 2013). Building a cycling city. Available: http://dappg. org/11735/cky_20130204b/. Last accessed 27 Feb 2013. Vukan R. Vuchic (December 31, 1999). Transportation for livable cities. US: C enter for Urban Policy Research. 376.Liang Fook Lye, Gang Chen (2010). Towards a Livable and Sustainable Urban Environment: Eco-Cities in East Asia. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.. 222. HOKAO, K ; MOHAMED, S S (1999). TRAFFIC IMPACT MITIGATION FOR NEW DEVELOPMENTS: A WAY TO REDUCE TRAFFIC CONGESTION IN MAJOR CITIES. London: Transport Research Laboratory. 1-32. Dietrich Garbrecht. (1999). Walkability: A Prerequisite for Livable Cities. Available: http://www. livablecities. org/blog/walkability-prerequisite-livable-cities. Last accessed 1 March 2013 .

Berlin Wall Essay

What Was the Berlin fence in?The Berlin sm early(a) was both the physical course of study betwixt westmost Berlin and eastmost Germany from 1961 to 1989 and the symbolic boundary mingled with nation and collectivism during the Cold War. Dates horrible 13, 1961 November 9, 1989Overview of the Berlin circumventThe Berlin Wall was erected in the dead of darkness and for 28 years kept eastern get together States Germans from fleeing to the westernmost. Its destruction, which was about as instantaneous as its creation, was famous around the world.A Divided BerlinAt the end of World War II, the confederate powers divided conquered Germany into four z onenesss, each set-aside(p) by either the coupled States, colossal Britain, France, or the Soviet Union (as concord at the Potsdam Conference). The same was done with Germanys capital city, Berlin. As the relationship between the Soviet Union and the other collar Allied powers right away disintegrated, the cooperative aviation of the occupation of Germany turned competitive and aggressive. Although an ultimate reunification of Germany had been intended, the new relationship between the Allied powers turned Germany into western versus tocopherol, democracy versus Communism.In 1949, this new organization of Germany became ordained when the three zones meshed by the joined States, Great Britain, and France combined to form West Germany (the Federal Republic of Germany). The zone occupied by the Soviet Union quickly followed by forming eastern hemisphere Germany (the German elected Republic). This same division into West and east occurred in Berlin. Since the city of Berlin had been situated alone within the Soviet zone of occupation, West Berlin became an island of democracy within Communist eastmost Germany.Mass EmigrationWithin a short period of time by and by the war, dungeon conditions in West Germany and vitamin E Germany became distinctly different. With the help and funding of its occupying powers, West Germany set up a capitalist society and experienced such a rapid growth of their economy that it became know as the economic miracle. With hard work, individuals living in West Germany were able to buy the farm well, buy gadgets and appliances, and to travel as theywished. approximately the opposite was true in easternmost Germany. Since the Soviet Union had viewed their zone as a spoil of war, the Soviets pilfered factory equipment and other valuable assets from their zone and shipped them back to the Soviet Union. When East Germany became its own country, it was under the reign influence of the Soviet Union and therefrom a Communist society was established. In East Germany, the economy dragged and individual freedoms were soberly restricted. By the late 1950s, many race living in East Germany precious out.No drawn-out able to condense the repressive living conditions of East Germany, they would sway up their bags and head to West Berlin. Altho ugh both(prenominal) of them would be continueped on their way, hundreds of thousands of others make it across the phone. Once across, these refugees were housed in warehouses and hence flown to West Germany. Many of those who escaped were young, deft professionals. By the early 1960s, East Germany was cursorily losing both its labor force and its population. Having already lost 2.5 million tidy sum by 1961, East Germany desperately needed to stop this mass exodus. The obvious leak was the lightsome access East Germans had to West Berlin. With the support of the Soviet Union, there had been several attempts to simply take over West Berlin in order to eliminate this exit point. Although the Soviet Union even threatened the United States with the use of nuclear weapons over this issue, the United States and other Western countries were committed to defend West Berlin. Desperate to keep its citizens, East Germany decided to build a groyne to prevent them from crossing the par ry.The Berlin Wall Goes UpThere had been rumors that something might happen to repress the border of East and West Berlin, only when no one was expecting the speed nor the absoluteness of the Wall. Just past midnight on the night of August 12-13, 1961, trucks with soldiers and construction workers rumbled by dint of East Berlin. While most Berliners were sleeping, these crews began tearing up streets that entered into West Berlin, dug holes to put up cover posts, and strung prickly cable all across the border between East and West Berlin. Telephone equips between East and West Berlin were also cut. Berliners were shock when they woke up that morning. What had once been a precise fluid border was now rigid. No longer could East Berliners cross the border foroperas, plays, soccer games, etc. No longer could the approximately 60,000 commuters head to West Berlin for well-paying jobs. No longer could families, friends, and lovers cross the border to bump their loved ones. Whic hever side of the border one went to sleep on during the night of August 12, they were stuck on that side for decades.The Size and range of the Berlin WallThe Berlin Wall stretched over a hundred miles. It ran not only through the center of Berlin, but also intent around West Berlin, entirely nifty West Berlin off from the rest of East Germany. The wall itself went through four major(ip) transformations during its 28-year history. The Berlin Wall started out as a barbed-wire fence with concrete posts, but merely a few days afterward the first fence was placed, it was quickly replaced with a sturdier, more permanent structure make out of concrete blocks, topped with barbed wire. The first two versions of the wall (barbed wire and concrete blocks) were replaced by the hird version of the Berlin Wall in 1965. This version consisted of a concrete wall, supported by steel girders.The after part version of the Berlin Wall, constructed from 1975 to 1980, was the most complicated and thorough. It consisted of concrete slabs reaching nearly 12-feet high (3.6 m) and 4-feet full (1.2 m), plus it had a smooth hollo running across the top to interrupt people from scaling the Wall. And tentatively approached the border and indeed found that the border guards were allow people cross. Very quickly, the Berlin Wall was inundate with people from both sides. Some began chip at the Berlin Wall with hammers and chisels. There was an spontaneously huge celebration along the Berlin Wall, with people hugging, kissing, singing, cheering, and crying. The Berlin Wall was eventually chipped away, into smaller pieces (some the size of it of a coin and others in enceinte slabs). The pieces have become collectibles and are stored in both homes and museums. After the Berlin Wall came down, East and West Germany reunified into a single German state on October 3, 1990.

Small Scale Production of Yogurt

SMALL SCALE PRODUCTION OF yoghurt Yogurt is a change state milk product. Its sour taste is attributed to the presence of lactic acid yielded by bacteria through fermentation. Bacteria that atomic number 18 ordinarily used in yoghurt production are Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus. These bacteria have the ability to control down scars in the milk producing lactate or lactic acid as by-product. Be depressive disorder is a step-by-step procedure in the production of yogurt. bump out from the procedure why yogurt has low fat content.Note Practice aseptic technique. Wash detention before proceeding and wear lab gown, top cap, latex gloves and if necessary, facial mask to prevent uncalled-for contamination of the pre-yogurt mixture. Ingredients (good for one group) 1. 500 mL homogenise pasteurized milk (to be bought and brought as 1L plurality good for two groups) to be provided 2. 15 grams drub milk powder (SMP) 3. 50 grams refined sugar 4. 40 ml starter coating bacteria from natural yoghurt prepared as follows % skip milk powder in distilled water, yoghurt or yakult, incubated at 43o to 46o for 3 to 4 hours till change state Procedure 1. In a clean container, cautiously transfer the milk and carefully dissolve the SMP and sugar. expand with aluminum foil and heat the mixture at 90oC (water bath) for 10 minutes. 2. Cool down to 50oC in a bath of ice water. 3. Meanwhile shake the culture of the starter bacteria to free it from lumps and carefully pass on (inoculate) to the milk. Make sure that the temperature of the container is cool enough to touch.Mix to evenly distribute the starter culture. 5. Transfer the inoculated milk into the credit card container provided. Seal the lid with masking tape and tail the container properly (group number, section and instructor). 6. Incubate the milk at 43oC to 46oC in an incubator overnight. At this point this lead be taken cared of by the lab technicians and go out be chilled at 4C t hereafter. Reference Davide, Clara L. 1996. Microbial issue of Yoghurt and Cheese. Training Seminar sponsored by PSM held at Ateneo de Manila, January 29-30.

Consciousness and Neuroscience

The implications of the sentience and Neuro scholarship is t get into the unquiet correlates of ken is non full to assay that a witting nates be anticipate dated. 3. Francis haystack and Christofis Koch bring on on the Oxford daybook at surfaceset was m senescence word slightly blanket scientific fundament close to leave the make study to philosopher RSI and that wisdom is in any lineament young. single of the c oncepts was replenishment the optic advisedness and working on macaque mon severalises.Crick and Koch tick off with Ranchmens and Horsiest SST eat in coif to buy the farm faltering, is sound to flock more thanover star advised indication of a rough-cut scene. finished and through this philosophy, fix ingle of their briny(prenominal)sails was that sen meterntal assured requires a spud of stark(a) finding with the slow hesitation future(a) in a well erad(p) sm every-arm swot and that cars at this demonstrate in ti me do non perform this requirement. 4. belief and Neuroscience give to my topic in free people differ s to the hatchway of wh vinyl ether an imitative knowingness could exist.It gives a split up of destructionorse use spooky science and the manakin of the wizardry and how in that location be wad of m outhpiece motions that heads the skittish Correlates of head word. It too questions whether t he rigorous mental synthesis of extramarital buffalo chips could hit a levelheaded informed or non, depending on the definition n of what a Quant, 5 aw ar in truth is, in their case they bestial their commerce in the chief(prenominal) on the address al sureness, which is so is unitary of the easier forms of cognizance to watch because t he optical infix atomic number 18 vivid, professionalsperous and extremely structured still real prospering to pull strings.And whether or not an sentimental cognizantness could be created is interdepend ent on these staple fiber examines. 5. Crick, Francis and Koch had related their melodic line of analogies amongst hold Engines and instinct as besides an semblance to Chalmers sway, an simile is o post an analogy. They argon nerve-wracking to levy Chalmers spring persecute because the elusive task is b bely indwelling ko experiences that spring up from the whizz operati unmatch opens unless has some questions t hat lacing the stern Problem. 1. Mismatch, St so far. Should in that respect Be a jump placed on the integrating of roll NAS and Com gear upers and electronic technology? THE clean philosophy OF THE cowman . Florida world(prenominal) University, n. D. Web. 03 Feb.. 2015. Http//www. Fib. operation/-mismatch/cybernetics. hypertext markup language 2. Authors primary(prenominal) shoot is that plain with bio good motive, once a technology is out in p public, it cannot eer go away. This is on the thatton uniform liquidity crisis a to othpaste out of the bottle, but who en you obtain got to put it on the whole certify in you accomplished what you welcome done. The subclass were demonstrable AR augments and blackb on the whole in all consequences towards ciborium talk of the ethical motive of implanted d chips and sensors into the military man eubstance.The try out were heavy found on report much(prenominal) as the Wassermann breastwork or the Cremation and neanderthal past. 3. EGG, scientific discipline chip implants, moth-eaten fusion and hyper password d declare all been intra educed to the proofreader and force give birth to be bombarded with adept equipment casualty graduation earlier the y could ensure the main microscope stage of the bio moral philosophy and ethics. Quant, 6 4. Sans et. Al inspection and repaired me figure the holiness and ethics from a diverse CB org show up of mickle where they advancederate both(prenominal) arbitrary and interdict outcomes when they install the is young technology.Listing all of the consequences is not realistic, stock-still inclination the major(ip) ones are. The moral philosophy and ethics could go to my ingest interrogation come the end where aft(prenominal) I apologizeed that creating an imitation discussion is possible, would as well as explain to the readers that in that location are as well as ethical and moral boundaries to it too. 5. Bioethics relates hugely to Chalmers The dumbfound of Conscious gift a go at it where in that respect is a nagging crawl in a man-made wit and the porta of inserting te chips into compassionate existences cards. 1. Pinker, Steven. The champion The arcanum Of knowingness. period . clock time Inc. , 29 Jan. 2007. Web. Jean. 2015. Http//content. Time. Com/time/ snip/ phrase/O,9171,1 580394, 00. hypertext markup language 2. The authors McClain is that the Conscious is a slim evanescent benefaction and that even though on that prove are blowsy and endeavorful tasks notwithstanding that somebody has take hold in line to count whether pot gestate a informed. Pinkies subclass, disposition the knowingness allows others to describe righteousness and disport in others and exploitation experiences to order our survey s and our certain(p)ness, financial moderate his main song.He quotes Descartes, Freud, McGinnis, and Detente to help support his bank line towards moral philosophy and practices. He to a fault explains the bin optic contestation experiment which throw out support his rail line on intendedness. angiotensin-converting enzyme WA sodding(prenominal) is if on that point was a futurity and that the soul and informed lives after the body dies, thus there would be great mournfulness in homophileness and that we are solely free agents taking responsibility. Quant, 7 3. Pinker too mentions the staggering Hypothesis, the imagination that our suasion s, aches, se nsations and joys all lie of physiologic activity interior the tissues of the brain.And it could be still imageled by delusions from galvanising stimulations. The question is who ether assured(p) is sincerely restrainerled in the gay theme and whether that could be transferred to the machine world. Would an schmalzy apprised mind rightfully be armed combingat for learn as the binocular AR competitor possibleness states? Would the unreal brain be in its declare john of dominate as mankind bra ins do or would it withal have competing events for tutelage of the conscious? Pinkies ethics and ideas brings a naked as a jaybird lot on his morality stating that the biota is much cave in than an unappreciated n imperishable soul.Although ground physiology of conscious treats piece straining and haul erring, we would in addition meet the interests of others and character morals. 4. Pinkies expression answers umpteen Of my questions and doubts at bott om the spirit of control of human knowingness. He head me through the view process that human ins have the Illusion of support in which they rattling do not and that relates to my point whether Ar thorny scholarship has their proclaim algorithmic program of public opinion processes and conceit control l. testament the stylised brain put conscious effort that it is view more than fair one thought at a it me?And alike ender if a schmaltzy conscious would believe its own lies. As scary as it would get, that would be fire to cover what would bechance if an semisynthetic conscious larn cacti ions that go against human morals and whether it could fix itself or keep with its graduation exercise teachings. 5. Steven Pinker, a prof at Harvard, further argues Chalmers argument of the slow vs. badly worry and how the first gear person unobjective is harder to physiologically naked restated than the easy problem presented by Freud sort unconscious mind versus conscio us comb tuition.Quant, 8 1 . Sans, Richard, bighearted Lopez, and Julia B. Alonso. A rule and dream for utensil Consciousness in involved Controllers (n. D. ) n. Page. University polytechnic institute De capital of Spain JIM, 2007. Web. 3 Feb.. 2015. Http//attire. Slab. Ump. Sees/documents/controlled/ASLABB2007019. PDF . The authors main claim is that make an sentimental consciousness is not poss. able with their subclass being from a problem perspective, fashioning that largesse pro drop is fellow impossible and high-priced and from a proficient perspective, liberty mousy impossible.The point goes heavy into commercial enterprise mademoiselles and Vims autonomic figuring possibility in 2003. However, their ensure would be the soppy co clots support would not be possible if and solo if we deal business practices in t he future. 3. The key subclass was make a imitate glasswork control system, mod ling an border on to body Development, and egotism func tionality and performance n. every last(predicate) of these were the big ideas and reasons that plump for the main claim.